The Role of The Parents and Family in Socialization Research Paper

Introduction Parents play a very critical role when it comes to socializing the children to what they become in future.   The earliest form agent of socialization is the family and this is also the most influential.   The family starts socializing the child from birth, when the child has not developed any form of socialization. The child internalizes the information they come across within the family environment through interactions with parents, role modeling and also reinforcement of behaviors that are desirable through parental approval and disapproval. Parental socialization is very important because it is the foundation of all civil behavior because it is in the family where children learn behaviors like language, body and emotional control, rules of public conduct and moral values. Besides a person’s future self esteem, emotional health and personality are shaped early enough by parents. Parenting Style and Its Correlates The article focuses on the two critical elements of parenting which are parental responsiveness and demanandigness (Darling, 1999).   According to her, since the turn of the 20th century developmental psychologists have been interested in how the children’s social and instrumental development has been influenced by parents.   She explores different parenting styles which she has categorized on whether parents belong to the low or high level range when it comes to parental responsiveness and demandingness. These four types of parenting styles include indulgent, authoritarian, authoritative and uninvolved (2). Darling defines parenting as a complex activity whereby different behavior patterns work together to influence how a child will be in future.   Thus, it is not possible to look at a specific child’s behavior in isolation as influencing a child’s overall well being.   Responsiveness as a parental style has to do with those parents who are warm and supportive and shows the extent through which parents deliberately foster individual development, self –assertion and self-regulation of their children by attuning, supporting and being acquiescent to the special needs and demands of their children (Erikson, 1985).   On the other hand, parental demandingness has to do with controlling the behavior of the children to make them integrate in the family through supervision, disciplinary efforts, demanding them to be mature and confronting the children when they disobey (Barber, 1996). The different parenting styles are as a result of patterns of parental and practices values that occur naturally and a balance of the responsiveness and demandingness. Indulgent parents are those who are permissive or nondirective and their way of parenting is more responsive.   Their approach to parenting is nontraditional and lenient mature behavior is not required and it focuses more on self-regulation and a conscientious committed approach to the children. On the other hand, authoritarian parents approach to parenting is highly demanding and directive and is not responsive (Klein, 1984).   To them, they expect their children to be obedient and expect them to obey rules without explanation.   There are clearly stated rules some of these parents’ ways of parenting can border intrusive and autocratic, while others are less authoritative.   Authoritative parents use an approach that is demanding and responsive.   They monitor their children’s conduct and impar t standards that are clear. Their approach is more assertive and less intrusive and they apply disciplinary methods that are more supportive and less castigatory.   Finally, uninvolved parents are low when it comes to responsiveness and demandingness. Their style in most extreme cases might include parents who reject and neglect their children, but most parents in this category seem to fall within the normal range. She concludes that each type of parenting styles leads to different outcomes in children. How a child develops social competence, academic skills and psychosocial development is highly correlated to how they were parented.   For example, children of parents who are authoritative grow up to develop better social and instrumental competencies as compared to those parents whose approach is not authoritative.   Also, children who grow up with parents who are uninvolved perform poorly in most areas of their life. My parents’ style of parenting was authoritarian.   They expected us children to obey the rules they had set without asking questions.   For example, it was mandatory that after school, we finish all our homework before doing anything else like going out to play. Not doing that would lead to strict punishment and being grounded.   They were very strict on the kind of people we related with and did not want us to socialize with other children whom they thought would be bad influences to our character. This type of parenting played a key role in how we were socialized in our family.   As I grew up, I came to appreciate the importance of discipline in everyday life. However, I had difficulties during my adolescence since the kind of parenting did not impart me with effective communication skills and had problems interacting with my fellow teens.   Nonetheless, I was able to overcome with time. Conclusion The type of parenting styles in families serves an effective way of predicting how a child will grow up and behave in future. Parental socialization is very important because it is it enables children to develop certain competencies that have a big bearing on their future lives. Each type of parenting serves an important role in a child’s life, whether it is responsiveness or demandngness.   Thus, the important thing is how to find the balance that will enable a child to grow up and become a better socialized person in future. References: Barber, B. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67(5), 3297-3318. Darling, N (1999). Parenting Style and Its Correlates. Chicago: ERIC Publications. Erikson, E. (1985). Childhood and society. 35th anniversary ed. New York: W.W. Norto Klein, M. (1984). The Psychoanalysis of Children. London: Hogarth

Essay on Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning - 2440 Words

Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning New areas of science often raise questions about safety. Reflecting back on the past medical technologies invented, people have always opposed it but often benefit from it later on in life. The use of in-vitro fertilization, for instance, was once a controversial issue. Some people worried that society could discriminate against humans produced as a result of IVF and humans could spread diseases. Furthermore, its usefulness cannot be predicted because it is just a research tool, and so on. Today, those worries and concerns have not manifested, but instead have brought joy and happiness to families. The people born through IVF process are as happy and equal as any other average child. It is†¦show more content†¦Reproductive cloning is a technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another currently or previously existing animal. And Therapeutic cloning, also called embryo cloning, is the production of human embryos for use in research and gen e therapy. People base their arguments concerning cloning off of norms, and with that, they ignore the possible benefits of this technology. Cloning technology may possibly benefit us in a lot of ways. It could potentially be used to reverse heart attacks, infertility, treat defective genes, and treat brain damage such as Alzheimer and Parkinson. With all the benefits behind this technology, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning should be legalized for research, experiments, and future use. Reproductive cloning technology may provide a way for completely sterile individuals (those not capable of producing gametes) to reproduce a child with identical genetic make up as their own. It might be more reliable than current infertility treatments and in-vitro-fertilization (IVF). As explained by Smith: Despite getting a fair amount of publicity in the news current treatments for infertility, in terms of percentages, are not very successful. One estimate is that current infertility treatments are less than 10 percent successful. Couples go through physically and emotionally painful procedures for a small chance of havingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning1472 Words   |  6 PagesThere are two types of cloning, one of them is reproductive cloning which is when a whole organism is cloned and therapeutic cloning is the cloning of cells, organs or tissues. Cloning is when two cells decide or are forced to duplicate into two cells to replicate each other. Cloning can be done deliberately or naturally; and it results in two copies having identical cells, DNA, genes, organs and organisms. Cloning is a common, ongoing, debatable topic among society today. Many people argue aboutRead More Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Essay example1484 Words   |  6 Pa gesReproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Cloning is defined as the â€Å"creation of an exact copy of a living matter, such as a cell or organism† according to Encarta encyclopedia. The copies produced through cloning have identical genetic makeup and are known as clones. Scientists use cloning techniques in the laboratory to create copies of cells or organisms with valuable traits. Cloning is a controversial topic because new areas of science often raise questions about safety. Early experimentRead MoreReproductive and Therapeutic Cloning: Dolly The Sheep1468 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen an increase in the methods in which DNA, Reproductive and Therapeutic cloning and the processes that happen in order for cloning to occur. DNA Cloning occurs when the DNA cell is replicated, an organisms DNA is taken and placed in a Vector also known as plasmid. This self-replicating cell will then create copies of the DNA code. After being placed into a foreign host cell that is suitable for the DNA the cell will then reproduced. Reproductive cloning in some aspects of the developing stages isRead MoreIs Cloning Ethical Or Moral?1617 Words   |  7 PagesCloning is one of the most controversial topics in all of science in the current day. Technology has come miles from where it has been, and we still have yet to perfect how it is used. When I chose this topic as one of the two I had to pick from the list, I didn’t really know how cloning worked or how I actually felt about the on-going conversation of whether or not cloning is ethical or moral, much less legal. What I have come to conclude after the various articles I have read, and the differentRead MoreThe Human Of Human Cloning1100 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Cloning 1. INTRODUCTION Human  cloning  is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. However, this term not only refers to the entire artificial human, but also the reproduction of human cells and tissues. There are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic-cell nuclear transfer orRead MoreShould Human Cloning Be Pursued? Essay810 Words   |  4 Pagessome movies, cloning in real life doesn’t produce a full grown exact replica of someone. A type of cloning that occurs naturally is when identical twins are born (â€Å"What Is Cloning?†). Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a type of cloning that has to be done in a lab. In SCNT they take the nucleolus out of an egg cell, replace it with the nucleolus of a somatic cell (body cell with two complete sets of chromosomes), and mak e the egg cell divide into a blastocyst (â€Å"What Is Cloning?†). There areRead MoreThe Human Of Human Cloning1098 Words   |  5 Pages1. INTRODUCTION Human  cloning  is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. However, this term not only refers to the entire artificial human, but also the reproduction of human cells and tissues. There are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic-cell nuclear transfer or pluripotent stemRead MoreShould Cloning Be Allowed?1440 Words   |  6 Pageshuman cloning is becoming a feasible practice. Recently there has been a successful cloning of a sheep, so scientists start to speculate the different uses of cloning human embryos. The three forms of cloning that stand out are reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning, and cloning for scientific research. Cloning should be permitted, but only reproductive cloning should be permitted with a limit on the number of babies a person or family can reproduce. The arguments that support cloning dependRead MoreWhy Is Cloning? Living A Wonderful Life?1668 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Cloning? Imagine living a wonderful life. A life full of friends and loving relationships. A healthy life. Celebrating holidays with friends and families and finally starting to fall in love with the person might†. Then all of a sudden your wonderful life comes to a screeching halt when you go to the doctor and is diagnosed with HIV, a fatal disease with no cure. You’re now faced with countless decisions such as whether or not you want to be heavily medicated. More medications could lead toRead MoreLiving A Wonderful Life : A Life Full Of Friends And Loving Relationships1666 Words   |  7 Pagesup. Cloning could provide an efficient way to find resistance and cures to diseases while providing an option to infertile couples. Human cloning is the process of using nuclear transfer, (a process of dna transfer) to a human cell in order to grow human cells. Human cloning is necessary and inevitable and research in the fields of reproductive and therapeutic cloning should continue to develop. Human cloning should be legal because reproductive cloning is inevitable and therapeutic cloning provides

Employment Under Machines for Nepotism - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEmployment Under Machines for Nepotism. Answer: Human machine interactions refer to a multidisciplinary discipline that deals with the study of communication between the humans and the machines (Booth, 2014). According to some surveys, there are many candidates who would prefer being interviewed by a computer instead of a human being. According to studies, employees under the age group of 40 would like their work to be judged by an unbiased computer program algorithm rather than having a human being as a judge. The people of this age group consider the computer programs to be more ethical and trustworthy than the leaders and managers of the concern. According to some of the subjects of the conducted survey, the new generation has an enormous amount of trust in the computer algorithms rather than in the living human beings. The younger generation argue that they trust technology to navigate them properly around the city or to find them life-partners in case of online dating sites. Thus, interestingly, they find it rational enough to trust the algorithms for judging their employment outcomes (Hrreporter.com, 2017). According to the people on whom the survey was conducted, human beings unlike machines discriminate employees based on a number of issues like nepotism and sexism. In a workplace where the employers are humans there arises matters relating to power play and ego. It is interesting to note in the reported article that the employees are elated with the thought of having a workplace devoid of biases of these kinds. They are happier to find out that there may be a situation where they would be judged only on the basis of the job they deliver. References Hrreporter.com. (2017).Many people would prefer to be hired by a computer: Study | Canadian HR Reporter.Hrreporter.com. Retrieved 16 October 2017, from https://www.hrreporter.com/article/27483-many-people-would-prefer-to-be-hired-by-a-computer-study/ Booth, P. (2014).An Introduction to Human-Computer Interaction (Psychology Revivals). Psychology Press.

GCP In The Global Perspective Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the GCP In The Global Perspective. Answer: Introduction The simple definition of Good clinical practice (GCP) would be the guidelines covering areas such as design, research, conduct, analysis, audit, documentation, termination and, reporting of various studies relating to the biomedical field[1]. The major concept of the GCP guidelines is that when researching on human beings, the well being of the subject under study needs to be of more concern than the interests of science or society[2]. GCP aims at ensuring both the scientific as well as the ethical validity of studies and that the research concerning the various clinical properties of medical substances is efficiently documented. GCP in the global perspective The history of the GCP can be traced back to The Hippocratic Oath which is one of the most ancient traditions in the history of medical sciences. The primary code of this oath is to make sure that no harm is caused to the patient, however, in case of modern medical research, a more intricate set of guidelines for the practitioner in terms of his/her ethical and scientific responsibilities in various biomedical research. The two major principles of GCP is to protect human rights and to generate authentic biomedical data[3]. Evolution of these guidelines has taken place with consideration of the guidelines of certain major organizations like WHO, USFDA, European GCP Guidelines, ICH and also the Indian Council of Medical Research issued Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Subjects. These Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Subjects are required to be followed in India when carrying out any sort of biomedical research and at every step of such research. Significance of GCP in India India became a budding field of clinical trials from 2005, after the amendment of Schedule Y. The growth had begun, yet clinical practices required formation of roots in order to stabilize within the system. The fundamental roots of a clinical trial include the protection of well-being, safety, and rights of participants in a clinical trial. Another important aspect of the scope of clinical trials to spread is to improve the knowledge and sharpen the skills required in conducting ethical, safe, quality and scientific trials in clinical research. The primary stakeholders like the regulators, sponsors, ethics community (ECs) and the investigators have the responsibility to nurture the field of clinical trials by establishing proper guidelines to fulfill the two major aspects of clinical trials[4]. However, the past five years had Indian media highlighting the deviation in ethics and safety issues in clinical trials. There were numerous factors that led to such circumstances; firstly, t he sponsors started focusing more on saving costs and on their potential for increased patient recruitment[5]. Secondly, the investigators started to get more interested in the commercial benefit out of the biomedical trials[6]. Thirdly, the ethics community started functioning inadequately and finally, an oversight for effective regulation was lacking. The regulatory authority, in response to the directives of the Supreme Court in 2013, framed new rules and regulations for numerous important process in biomedical trials including registrations of the ethical communities, compensation and the audio-visual recordings of the consent from individuals. This step resulted in a number of circumstances. Firstly, the workload of the ethics communities increased by manifolds, secondly, the various institutions and their investigators lost interest in conducting clinical trials as the burden of the regulations increased and that outweighed the benefits of conducting biomedical trials. Thirdly , the number of new clinical trials drastically reduced owing to the fact that India was no more an attractive and cost-effective destination for clinical research for the global sponsors. This, in turn, caused the regulators to amend the stringent regulations in 2015, thereby improving the prospects of growth in clinical research in the present day in India[7]. Scope of GCP in India The GCP guideline that was introduced in India in 2001 did not show much potential further. The Indian GCP version was initially designed in a similar fashion as other guidelines, like Schedule Y, ICMR, and ICH-GCP guidelines, which however was not accepted in the industry. India still follows the ICH-GCP as the gold standard is easier to comply with. The need for an Indian version of GCP was required initially in order to have a uniform clinical trial quality across the nation thereby to be able to produce data for registering new drugs before the Indian population can use them. However, this does not seem appealing as the Indian GCP version is very difficult to practice. GCP guidelines have been formulated from ICH-GCP; however, there are numerous differences between the two. Indian GCP leads the research towards very difficult methodology, therefore, becoming a challenge for the ECs, Sponsors, and investigators. There are certain key differences between the two guidelines in terms of qualification of investigators, compliance with the various SOPs, complexities in the consent process, complicated documentation of drug labels and timelines and many more[8]. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that, the reason behind creating Indian guidelines of GCP was anticipation of good deeds, however, Indians still prefer to abide by the ICH-GCP guidelines and the Indian version will have a greater scope and significance once the complexity of the guidelines is reduced, practical implications are improved and compliance to the rules is made easier. References ABDU, J., UL KAL, LAM TE, and CAL UN. "M. Phar." Bajpai, Nidhi. "Clinical Data Management Process Standardization for Vaccine Trials in an Indian Pharmaceutical Company, Under Indian Regulations." (2015). Bhatt A. Are registered ethics committees empowered to ensure human research protection? Perspect Clin Res. 2016;7:149151. [PMC free article] [PubMed] Mahan, Vicki L. "Clinical trial phases." International Journal of Clinical Medicine 5, no. 21 (2014): 1374. Mallath MK, Chawla T. Investigators viewpoint of clinical trials in India: Past, present, and future. Perspect Clin Res. 2017;8:316. Thatte UM, Marathe PA. Ethics Committees in India: Past, present, and future. Perspect Clin Res. 2017;8:2230 Verma, K. "Base of a research: good clinical practice in clinical trials." J Clin Trials 3, no. 1 (2013): 100-28. World Health Organization. "Handbook for good clinical research practice (GCP): guidance for implementation." (2005).